Laptop Computers: School Utilization and Student Achievement :: essays papers

Laptop Computers: School Utilization and Student Achievement It has become all too evident in today’s society that there is a need for a quality, successful education system. The need for skills in technology are also obvious. Schools across the nation are now trying to achieve both of these goals by providing a laptop computer to each student. Principal John Kozusko, an administrator at one such school claims, â€Å"It’s like a world apart. It’s changed the way teachers teach†¦the way they think about kids.† (Chute, 2000  ¶4) According to Speaker Rick Johnson of the Michigan House of Representatives, â€Å"Students have progressed from learning about computers to learning from them.† (Johnson, 2003,18) This paper will examine how laptops are being utilized in schools and the effect that they have on student achievement. Participation The movement to use laptop computers to provide a first-rate education to all students has quickly been spreading across the nation. Throughout the United States, Microsoft has counted more than 125,000 students and teachers at 800 schools participating in such programs. (Chute, 2000) In researching this topic, I have found documentation of programs in elementary schools, middle schools, and high schools in a number of different states. These states include, but are not limited to, New York, Maine, Pennsylvania, California, Michigan, and Texas. Some schools fund the program on their own, often starting with a pilot program and expanding as funds become available. (Seeing is, nd) Others collaborate with corporations such as Microsoft and Netschools. (Chute, 2000) Additional funding has come from sources such as business donations, personal monies, federal funds, and bond money. (Corcoran, 2002) Laptop Usage The cases described throughout this paper all include schools that provided laptops for students and/or teachers so that the student to computer ratio was 1:1. As stated above, for some schools this was done with a pilot group, while other schools provided computers to all students. Students are then required to bring their laptop to class, ready to use, just as they must bring their textbooks, pencils, and other necessary materials. (Chute, 2000) They are also responsible for charging the battery for their computer and transporting their computer to and from school on a daily basis. How the computer is equipped varies depending on the make of the computer and the operating system and firewalls set up by the schools.

Psychology discussion Essay

The findings from this research that trigrams in an organised list will be recalled better than those in a disorganised list have supported the evidence of Millers theory. Miller (1956) found that the magic number 7+-2 can be increased using the method called chunking. This would relate to this piece of research as the amount of individual letters remembered was a lot bigger than the value 7+-2. Participants in the organized condition on average recalled about twenty one letters, and in the disorganized condition they recalled about nine letters. This supports Millers view; that more items can be remembered if they are recalled in â€Å"chunks†. This experiment can be extended to investigate the theory of expert chess players having better chunking abilities than novice players (Chase and Simon (1973)). The expert chess players could recall more information about the relationship of chess pieces than those of amateur chess players, the expert’s could recall up to 30 pieces of information, compared to only seven pieces for amateur players. This links to my experiment because using the technique chunking on an organised and disorganised list of words, led to an improvement in the number of trigrams recalled in the organised condition rather than the disorganised condition. In the organized list around 21 individual letters were recalled, compared to only 9 in the disorganized list. This supports Chase and Simons view that chunking can lead to better recall. My experiment was based on a previous study by Bowers in 1969; the results produced are similar to those obtained by Bowers. Table comparing the result of my study and Bowers study: This Study Bowers Study Average words recalled % of Words Average words recalled % of Words Organised 7. 1 71% 16. 9 65% Disorganised 2. 9 29% 4. 94 19% The results are quite similar although the results above have a higher percentage of words recalled for both the organised and disorganised list compared to Bowers results, however this is due to the fact that more words were involved in Bowers list: – 26 compared to the 10 words used on my list. This will have had an affect on memory as the participant is challenged to remember more words. Bower used a theme of minerals; whereas in my experiment it involved a mixture of random trigrams. This could have affected the ability to recall; especially if Bowers’ participants had greater knowledge than others. However this problem did not occur in my experiment as it was not based around one particular theme. On the whole my results are similar to those obtained by Bowers. E2- Strengths and Weaknesses of the investigation: A strength of this investigation was the method used. This was a laboratory experiment. This method was very reliable and accurate as it allowed manipulation and full control over the variables (i. e. whether the participant is given the organised or disorganised list of trigrams). Therefore the results which were obtained were reliable, and the experiment could be easily replicated by another researcher. A strength of this experiment was that ethics was taken into consideration as informed consent was used to gain approval from the participant, to take part in the experiment. Participants were told they were taking part in a psychology experiment. Also confidentiality was abided by as well as all participants had the right to withdraw there results at any time, also none of their personal details were taken such as names and address. A weakness of this experiment could be the design; as an independent groups design was used; there may have been individual differences between participants. As those participants in the organized condition may have been more intelligent than those in the disorganized condition; this could have lead to them recalling more trigrams than those in the disorganized condition. E3- Consideration of alternative method: An alternative method could be used to test the affect of organisation on memory recall rather than an experimental method. A field experiment can be used so the test can be carried out in a natural setting. The new test can be carried out in school; for example a teacher can carry out an examination on students by testing a group of students to remember a list of abbreviations. This would be testing the ability to recall organized trigrams. Another classroom could be asked to play a game; where their partner gives them three random letters; if they answer a question wrong in a quiz they must recall the three letters they were told at the beginning. A new disorganized trigram would be used every time a question was answered incorrectly. This would then allow you to test the ability to recall disorganized trigrams. An advantage of this over the other method is that it would be carried out in participant’s everyday settings; therefore it would be more realistic, which would give the experiment more ecological validity. This method will also reduce demand characteristics. Students will believe that this is a real test, and therefore they will pay attention and take the task seriously. Although they will not know it is a task into memory; they will believe it is an important test. This method would be relevant for the aim and hypothesis of the study, as it would show if there is a clear difference, in the organized and disorganized trigrams recalled and it would also improve the reliability of the results. E4- Application of findings and suggestion for future research: In conclusion, this investigation has found that 16-18 year olds on average recall more trigrams from an organised list than a disorganised list. This research has proven that chunking and organization does increase the capacity of short-term memory. Therefore a link can be made to the real world for example if someone has to remember security numbers or phone numbers. Short codes can be chunked into one unit, although longer series of numbers like phone numbers may be chunked into two or three sections. This will help to aid recall, also chunking and organisation can help with revision. For example, by revising from notes arranged in an organised style this should organise the data in the brain and encourage better recall in exams and therefore good exam results. This research can also be applied when people do daily shopping. For example items of a similar nature can be chunked together into one group, e. g. , peas, cabbage and broccoli could be chunked under a vegetables group, so that they can be remembered as one chunk rather than three individual units. This research can be applied to future research by investigating if using chunking technique for exam revision can aid better recall thus better exam results. For example teachers could hold revision session’s using call cards which are chunked into small amounts of detail for the student to remember. They can then test to see if students with revision aids did better than those without.

The Political Impact of 9/11 - 3412 Words

The Political Impact of 9/11: The Post War Notion of Race Change After September 11, 2001, the world as its citizens knew it would never be the same, especially the United States. The September 11, 2001 attacks (often referred to as 9/11) consisted of a series of coordinated suicide attacks on the United States of America allegedly by al-Qaeda, which is an international alliance of Islamic militant terrorist organization founded in nineteen eighty-eight. On that morning, nineteen terrorists believed to be affiliated with al-Qaeda hijacked four commercial passenger jet airliners, each team equipped with an United States trained al-Qaeda pilot. The hijackers crashed two of the airliners into the World Trade Center in New York City,†¦show more content†¦(A re-iteration of an already thriving concept) Nguyen argues that we are all suspects now because we are all susceptible to being stereotypical and or racially inclined. We are all victims of our society one way or the other whether it is deemed positive or negative, and for that she is absolutely right. Her book opens with a story about a man named Muhammad Rafiq Butt, who had a wife and five children to support back home in Pakistan; the story gives brief synopses of his trials and tribulations of attempting to support them financially. Butt later is arrested and detained by the FBI on a tip from a local caller, and technically has committed no crime at all. He spends a generous amount of time in prison and later dies within the walls of the United States prisons. The heart of the matter lies in the latter part of the story, where Nguyen introduces a man named Bobby Khan, a Pakistani exile who fled to the United States, who goes to the jail to honor Butt. Butt was just the beginning; the groundwork for more tumultuous crimes ag ainst a people, in the days that followed Butt s death more bad news was to come. A Pakistani journalist who lived in Khan s neighborhood was beaten unconscious by three men who told him he looked like Osama Bin Laden. From September 11 through February 2002, hate crimes and incidents of discrimination toward Muslims soared to oneShow MoreRelatedThe Political, Social, and Economic Changes Following 9/11 Essay examples1553 Words   |  7 PagesOn September 11 2001, an attack was made on United States. Four systematic terrorist attacks were pulled off by the group al-Qaeda simultaneously bringing down the World Trade Centre in New York and damaging the Pentagon in Washington D.C. As extensive and in depth as the cause for the attack may have been, September 11 is an event that has undoubtedly left its mark in American history. A turning point, as some would call it, of the political, social, and economic systems of the United States. QuicklyRead MoreA Look At The Main Goals Of Terro rism Essay1715 Words   |  7 Pagesof goals that are generally political, religious, or ideological objectives† (Hoffman, 31). While it is hard for us to understand why someone would cause something as horrific as 9/11 or the Paris bombing, terrorists believe that they are doing good and helping the world. They are very methodical, have missions, rules and regulations, followers, and goals that they want to achieve. The goals of terrorism are to evoke fear, fight for religious, ideological, or political change, and to obtain worldwideRead MoreEssay on Political Science1406 Words   |  6 Pages1) Which of the following constitutes an element of the United States’ national political culture? 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Farrell addresses the historical dialogue to some degree by exploring the contradiction of the heart with intellectual mindset, which forms the emergenceRead MoreSwot Analyses for Tui984 Words   |  4 Pagesto American Airlines takes into account the political, economic, social and technological (NetMBA, 2004) environment the industry is embroiled in and how this has, is and will threaten to impact its operations and profitability. It must be remembered that the   number of possibilities concerning macro-environmental aspects is almost limitless, thus concentration will be paid to those areas perceived to have the highest impact. * Political The political stability of the United States was severelyRead MoreMadie Majcher. Mrs.Shandera, Mr.Hill. English Pd.8 History1118 Words   |  5 PagesMr.Hill English pd.8 History pd. 9 10th February 2017 Families could face the awful choice of going back as a group or separating and sacrificing one of their close ones. Such dilemmas we can imagine caused many of the three thousand suicides on the island (JNetwork Lobby for Catholic Social Justice). Thought to be a simple way of adjusting to everyday life and reacting to the challenges that come along with living, immigration is actually the cause of political disagreements, economic issues,Read MoreThe United States 9 / 11 Attacks On The Middle East And Middle Eastern American Center Essay1294 Words   |  6 PagesWith the American people showing ever increasing interest in Muslims since the attacks on America, it was inevitable that this would change the way Muslims would be viewed in the United States. The 9/11 attacks - carried out by nineteen Islamic extremists - have no doubt changed how Muslim-Americans are perceived in this country, and those feelings have simmered for 15 years now. Even though a stigma against the Muslim A merican community had been growing in the US because of wars and conflicts, theRead MoreThe Impact Of Media On American Society1640 Words   |  7 Pages John Stuart Mill in a post 9/11 Western Society Adam Kershek History 1002-106: Growth of Western Civilization Since 1715 November 2, 2017 It is no mystery that 9/11 brought upon change in American society. The lasting effects of this unforgiving event, such as, the ongoing wars, the severity of immigration and deportation laws, and the increase in racial profiling, continues to disrupt American society. This brings up an important question: Why are these still lasting issues inRead MoreTerrorism And Its Effects On The Pursuit Of Political Aim910 Words   |  4 PagesTerrorism is defined as the use of violence and intimidation in the pursuit of political aim. The United States Department of Defense defines terrorism as â€Å"the calculated use of unlawful violence or threat of unlawful violence to inculcate fear; intended to coerce or to intimidate governments or societies in the pursuit of goals that are generally political, religious, or ideological.†(1) Terrorism has been around around since the first century BCE. The Sicarii were the first jewish group who murderedRead MoreBronfenbrenner, An American Develop mental Psychologist Who Is Most1713 Words   |  7 Pagesinclude 0:52 any immediate relationships organizations they interact with 0:55 sector media family or caregivers and their school or daycare 1:02 do 1:06 his group or organization interact with the child will have an effect on how the 1:10 child grows 1:11 the morning courage and nurturing relationships and places are 1:15 the better the child will be able to crown furthermore 1:18 how a child ax to react to these people Microsystems perfect how they treat her 1:23 in return 1:24 each child s special

French Expressions With the Verb Rendre

The French verb rendre literally means to return and is also used in many idiomatic expressions. Learn how to give thanks, glorify, comply with orders, and more with this list of expressions with rendre. Possible meanings of rendre to give back, returnto administer (justice)to hand in (homework)to pay off (e.g., an experiment)to produce, make, yieldto repayto render (a thought, an expression)to surrenderto vomit Expressions with rendre rendre adjectiveto make (happy, scared, mad, etc.)rendre là ¢meto breathe ones lastrendre un culte à  to worshiprendre de la distance (running)to have a (distance) handicaprendre gloire à  to glorifyrendre gorgeto repay unfairly gotten gainsrendre grà ¢ces à  to give thanks torendre hommage à  to pay homage torendre honneur à   - rendre les derniers honneurs à  to pay tribute to - to pay the last tributes torendre du poids (horse-riding)to have a (weight) handicaprendre des pointsto give someone a head startrendre raison de quelque chose à  to give a reason for somethingrendre serviceto be a great help, to be handyrendre service à   quelquunto do someone a servicerendre le soupirto breathe ones last rendre visite à   quelquunto visit someonese rendre à  to go tose rendre à   lappel de quelquunto respond to someones appealse rendre à   lavis de quelquunto bow to someones advicese rendre compte deto realizese rendre à   levidenceto face factsse rendre aux ordresto comply with ordersse rendre aux prià ¨res de quelquun  Ã‚  to yield to someones pleasse rendre aux raisons de quelquunto bow to someones reasonsRendez-vous compte!Just imagine!Tu te rends compte?Can you imagine?

American Imperialism And The Laguna Pueblo History

Events that occur throughout a period of time have an interesting effect on the people, places, and landscapes around it. In the course of history, particularly the history of North American Indigenous Peoples, we can see how events have influenced their way of life. Since the arrival of Europeans in North America, it is easy to notice how a singular event can cause shifts within indigenous cultures, communities and the landscape. Although shifts within and between cultures and communities can be good, the shifts Native Americans faced with the arrival of Europeans were usually not. For centuries Natives struggled to preserve their lands, culture, and people as they were slowly being assimilated into the new Euro-American way of life and colonization. In this, we can not only see the works of Euro-American hegemony but also the fight of Natives to defend and protect their cultural sovereignty. Throughout the course of this essay I am going to explore the ways in which Euro-Am erican hegemony and the fight to preserve culture relate to the Laguna-Pueblo history in the novel, Ceremony, by Leslie Marmon Silko. The novel, Ceremony, takes place in the early 19th century in the southwest United States. We meet the main character Tayo who is half white and half Laguna-Pueblo. His mother had an affair with a white man and left Tayo to be raised by his aunt when he was four. When we first meet Tayo he has recently returned to the reservation after World War II and isShow MoreRelatedThe Philippine Architecture: Spanish Colonial Period18287 Words   |  74 Pageswealth. Expansion of territory can lead to more power and much money. Having superiority was the main aim of the Spaniards; it was obviously proven through their motto: â€Å"God. Gold. Glory†. History plays a very important role to know more about the intent of the Spaniards in colonizing our island. Without the history, the intent of colonizing the pearl of the orient would not be clear. Here are some of the Historical events in Europe that can describe and show the intent of the Spaniards in the colonization

Vietnam The Unending War Essay Example For Students

Vietnam The Unending War Essay The Vietnam war is the most terrible and senseless war America has ever fought. Never since their own civil war was the world most powerful country divided in such terrible anger. The leading historian on the war in Vietnam George C. Herring poses two very important questions in his essay American and Vietnam the Unending War. These two questions have been boggling the Americans minds since the beginning of the war in Indochina up to today when the US faces similar crises but is afraid to due to something called the Vietnam syndrom something that has plagued the American minds since the cease fire in Vietnam 1975. Why did the united States invest so much blood and treasure in an area so remote and of so little apparent significance, and secondly, why despite its vast power did the United States fail to achieve its objects? Herring approaches these questions from a variety of different sides which somewhat explain the struggle and the pain the misunderstood country had to go through. After WWII most of the countries such as Britain and the Netherlands gave up their colonies in Indochina. France on the other hand decided to regain power and put down the revolutionary nationalistic movement, by force that was plaguing Vietnam. The communist Ho Chi Minh had developed a communist, nationalistic movement against the french in order to be free of colonialism and establish a Marxist state in Vietnam. France at the time and still today is one of Americas strongest allies. Therefore and for many other political reasons, such as the prevention of the spread of communism, made the US aid France and support them with their mission. This was so to say the beginning of a variety of incidents that finally brought the US to war with Vietnam. Of all the nationalistic movements and revolutions in Indochina, the Vietnamese was the only one supported by communism. This was of great concern to the U.S. who feared that the soviet union had their hands in this as a plan of slowly gaining power over the entire east, and eventually the entire world. Herring writes From the outset Americans viewed Ho and the Vietminh as instruments of the Soviet drive for world domination,.. After the fall of china to communism in 1949, the US feared that if then also Vietnam would fall to communism finally the rest of Indochina, which found itself in similar unstable conditions as Vietnam, will fall to communism to. Soviet expansion had reached a point beyond which it must be permitted to go. A so-called domino theory was adopted, where when one falls all will eventually fall. Herring explains: Because of its location on chinas southern border and because it appeared in the most imminent danger, Vietnam was considered crucial. If it fell, all of Southeast Asia might be lost, denying the United States access to important raw materials and strategic waterways. After the defeat of France in 1954, the US aided to create a non-Communist, democratic, south Vietnamese state in hope that their financial aid and political assistance would strengthen the population and prevent any further spreading of Communism. The Cold War started taking desperate measures and the U.S. particularly in the Kennedy-Johnson era was very concerned with the security of western Europe. It was the US concern that if they would back out in the worsening Vietnam situation, it would portray a certain weakness to its enemy Russia and could provoke conflicts in western Europe, particularly over Berlin, that could end in a nuclear war. if they showed firmness in one area, it would deter the adversary in a another; if they showed weakness the adversary would be tempted to take steps that might leave no option but nuclear war. A further reason Herring portrays is the effect on the political situation at home which could have been quit crucial if Vietnam would have pulled out. Another loss to communism would have devastating outcomes on presidential elections. To prevent loss of votes marked another great aspect of why the Presidential administrations couldnt simply leave Indochina to its destiny. Harring writes the assumption shared by administrations from Harry S. Truman to Lyndon B. Johnson that the fall of Vietnam to communism would have disastrous political consequences at home. These main reasons, the prevention of the spread of Communism, the prevention of Nuclear war in Europe, together with political issues and troubles developing and finally to show its determination to defend its vital world interests, the United States put them selves in a position that was brave yet damaging its image all over the world. The point of prevention of nuclear war is particularly back up by Professor Francis X. Winters in his book The Year of the Hare. In his close study on the years of the Kennedy administration and the undergone coup on the South vietnamese leader and long term Allie Ngo Dinh Diem, he makes clear that it was Kennedys idea to keep on focusing on Vietnam in order to distract a War that could have otherwise happened in Europe and could have meant the end of humanity or at least the destruction of the entire northern hemisphere. Winters writes For I was to discover during interviews in the late 1980s and early 1990s, that President Kennedy and Secretary of State Dean Rusk had raised the American ante in Vietnam precisely in order to lower the risk of a nuclear confrontation in a European war. Trail of tears EssayEnglish Essays

Unclaimed Personal And Vested Property Act â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Unclaimed Personal And Vested Property Act? Answer: Introduction The ownership of both tangible and non-tangible property is one of the main reasons for the disputes among individuals. The progress of time has seen the upgrading of various rules and regulations for helping and rendering justice to such disputes and cases (Anderson Huggins, 2013). Several disputes arise due to the claiming of missing property, lost and found. Some disputes also arise due to the attempt to injure others financially by means of false promises. The means to solve these issues is through thorough investigation and taking reference from the respective issued laws (Hart Green, 2012). This report deals with two case studies, one being the ownership of a lost property, the other being a case of mutual contract breach. It further deals with the legal convulsions that might arise in case of the instances. The advocacy has been done from both parties in case of the second case study. The purpose of this report is to investigate into the case studies and provide the legal implications that might arise and the possible solutions. In this case study, Bonzi found a necklace while staying in a hotel that is owned by Alpha Corp. Now the question arises about the legal ownership of the necklace. This case falls under the Canadian Property Law Act that governs regarding the rightful ownership and tenancy of private property. Since the owner did not leave the possession intentionally, the possession has been misplaced. The property being tangible in nature and found by someone else, Bonzi cannot keep the property despite being the finder, under the Canadian Law of finders and keepers, since the law states that a finder can only keep the property if it is found in nature. Exception being that the property is not found in some elses land (Bowal Kuzma, 2014).. Supposedly, if Bonzi does not inform about the found necklace, it can be classified under the Canadian Penal Code for an Act of Theft, since Bonzi is only the finder and not the owner. Since necklace was found in the hotel premise owned by Alpha Corp, it is necessary to hand over the property to the hotel authorities under the Canadian Act of Unclaimed property, until and unless the original owner shows up to claim the necklace (Bridge, 2015). In case the original owner shows up to claim the property, he/she is liable to show valid proof in order to claim the property under the Canadian law of Unclaimed Personal Property and Vested Property Act, Section 47. Given that the owner of the lost necklace is oblivious, yet under the Canadian law of Unclaimed Property Act part 3, the holder of the lost property has to make possible contact with the viable owner within a time limit of 6 months. Despite efforts to contact with the possible owner, if the property is not claimed within 12 months, the property is declared as Unclaimed under the Canadian law of Unclaimed Property Act. The property can treated as an income of the holder if it is not claimed within the time span of custody or the law prevents the holder from treating the property as a income or bounty. In the other way around, the necklace can be handed over to the federal authorities for thorough investigation regarding the ownership of the necklace. It would be helpful regarding finding the rightful owner of the necklace, in case the owner turns up to the federal authorities for the retrieval of the lost necklace. The second case deals with two companies producing the same kind of goods had a mutual understanding to share the profit of the business. The director of sales of MC Electric Inc, Dortmund made a mutual understanding with GB Circuits Co. another supplier, to share the profit with GB circuits since GB circuits failed to fulfill the complete tender order of A-Tel, a telephone producing company. The claim of compensation cannot be made on the ground that GB Circuits have shared the offer with MC Electric Inc and successfully allowing them to bid for the rest of the order. As per the case study, if MC does not wish to share the profit quota, GB can file against Dortmund under Canadian Tort Act for making false claims of sharing profit with GB Circuits (Wright, 2017). GB Circuits cannot file any case under Canadian Contract Law against MC Electric Inc for refusing to pay the profit since no official contract was signed on behalf of MC Electric Inc (Bix Bix, 2012). In case, Dortmund refuses the entire mutual agreement, the directors of MC Electric Inc cannot file against Dortmund under breach of contract with company for implying unfair means to achieve target. Since the agreement was made verbally and not contractually, the chance of getting the promised amount by GB Circuits is quite difficult (Fried, 2015). This due to fact that the tender applied by MC on behalf of GB Circuits incomplete tender must have been made legally and not verbally (Cartwright, 2016). The mere cause of allowing to bid is not a strong ground to claim the profit and MC Electric Inc is also not liable to pay since it made the profit on legal basis. The only ground Dortmund can be sued by GB Circuits is to file against him, under Canadian Tort Act for trying to financially injure GB Circuits. In the process, if Dortmund is found guilty, he can probably be charged under the Canadian Contract Act by MC Electric Inc for breaching of contract and made to compensate the amount on his own terms and not out of the companys profits. Conclusion The report concludes the two case studies where in the first case, the finder cannot keep the necklace since the finder finds it on another land apart nature, under the Canadian Act of Finders and Keeper as unless it is to be kept a secret and it falls under the Canadian law for an Act of theft. The hotel authorities is the rightful holder can only hold the property until and unless the rightful owner is informed or comes to claim with adequate proof under the Canadian Law of Unclaimed Personal Property Act. In the second case, the Sales president of MC Electric Inc can be filed against by the other competitor company GB Circuits for wrongfully making false claims to share profit with it, without the knowledge of his own company. He can be filed under the Canadian Tort Act and if he is proven guilty, he can be probably charged under Canadian Contract Act for using unfair means to generate revenue. Reference Anderson, T. L., Huggins, L. E. (2013).Property rights: A practical guide to freedom and prosperity. Hoover press. Bix, B., Bix, B. H. (2012).Contract law: rules, theory, and context. Cambridge University Press. Bowal, P., Kuzma, D. (2014). All is Not Lost: The Law of Lost and Found. Bridge, M. (2015).Personal property law. OUP Oxford. Cartwright, J. (2016).Contract law: An introduction to the English law of contract for the civil lawyer. Bloomsbury Publishing. Fried, C. (2015).Contract as promise: A theory of contractual obligation. Oxford University Press, USA. Hart, H. L. A., Green, L. (2012).The concept of law. Oxford University Press. Wright, J. (2017).Tort law and human rights. Bloomsbury Publishing.